Overview of Sociologys Conflict Theory

Review of Sociologys Conflict Theory Struggle hypothesis expresses that pressures and clashes emerge when assets, status, and force are unevenly dispersed between bunches in societyâ and that these contentions become the motor for social change. In this unique circumstance, influence can be comprehended as control of material assets and aggregated riches, control of governmental issues and the establishments that make up society, and ones economic wellbeing comparative with others (decided by class as well as by race, sex, sexuality, culture, and religion, in addition to other things). Karl Marx A house might be enormous or little; as long as the neighboring houses are moreover little, it fulfills all social prerequisite for a home. However, let there emerge close to the little house a castle, and the little house psychologists to a hovel. Pay Labor and Capital (1847) Marxs Conflict Theory Strife hypothesis began in crafted by Karl Marx, who concentrated on the causes and results of class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the proprietors of the methods for creation and the business people) and the low class (the common laborers and poor people). Concentrating on the monetary, social, and political ramifications of the ascent of private enterprise in Europe, Marx guessed that this framework, prefaced on the presence of a ground-breaking minority class (the bourgeoisie) and an abused lion's share class (the low class), made class struggle in light of the fact that the interests of the two were in conflict, and assets were shamefully conveyed among them. Inside this framework an inconsistent social request was kept up through ideological compulsion which made consensusand acknowledgment of the qualities, desires, and conditions as controlled by the bourgeoisie. Marx hypothesized that crafted by delivering agreement was done in the superstructure of society, which is made out of socialâ institutions, political structures, and culture, and what it created accord for was the base, the financial relations of production.â Marx contemplated that as the financial conditions declined for the low class, they would build up a class awareness that uncovered their misuse on account of the rich entrepreneur class of bourgeoisie, and afterward they would revolt, requesting changes to smooth the contention. As per Marx, in the event that the progressions made to pacify strife kept up an industrialist framework, at that point the pattern of contention would rehash. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that the progressions made another framework, similar to communism, at that point harmony and strength would be accomplished. Advancement of Conflict Theory Numerous social scholars have based on Marxs struggle hypothesis to reinforce it, develop it, and refine it throughout the years. Clarifying why Marxs hypothesis of upheaval didn't show in his lifetime, Italian researcher and activist Antonio Gramsciâ argued that the intensity of belief system was more grounded than Marx had realizedâ and that more work should have been done to defeat social authority, orâ rule through presence of mind. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, basic scholars who were a piece of The Frankfurt School, concentrated their work on how the ascent of mass culturemass delivered workmanship, music, and mediacontributed to the upkeep of social authority. All the more as of late, C. Wright Mills attracted on strife hypothesis to portray the ascent of a small force first class made out of military, monetary, and political figures who have controlled America from the mid-twentieth century. Numerous others have attracted on strife hypothesis to create different kinds of hypothesis inside the sociologies, including women's activist hypothesis, basic race hypothesis, postmodern and postcolonial hypothesis, strange hypothesis, post-basic hypothesis, and speculations of globalization and world frameworks. In this way, while at first clash hypothesis portrayed class clashes explicitly, it has loaned itself throughout the years to investigations of how different sorts of contentions, similar to those commenced on race, sex, sexuality, religion, culture, and nationality, among others, are a piece of contemporary social structures, and how they influence our lives. Applying Conflict Theory Strife hypothesis and its variations are utilized by numerous sociologists today to consider a wide scope of social issues. Models include: How todays worldwide free enterprise makes a worldwide arrangement of intensity and inequality.How words assume a job in recreating and legitimizing conflict.The causes and results of the sexual orientation pay hole among people. Updatedâ by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Free Essays on Passion Of The Christ Reaction

The degree of the precision of the film was amazing. To have the whole movie’s discourse be in Aramaic was the most amazing thing. Prior to watching the film I however that Mel Gibson may slaughter the story by overstating or distorting parts of it yet he genuinely stuck to the memorable Biblical adaptation. The main thing that wasn’t precisely known to be genuine is the possibility of Lucifer appearing to Jesus all through his trial yet I would think that its entirely conceivable that Lucifer be there watching Jesus endure. The meaning of against Semitism is antagonistic vibe toward or oppression Jews as a strict, ethnic, or racial gathering. Does this film lead me to these emotions? In many manners, no. Be that as it may, being a Christian viewing the Jewish esteemed ministers and hordes of Jewish individuals condemning Jesus to his repulsive passing, I experienced disdain towards those individuals. Do I feel like the Jewish people group of today is in any case answerable for what was the deal? No. Thus, I would contend that you needed to have entered the film with sentiments of Anti-Semitism to have the option to have left with those emotions. I felt that to the extent the issue of the violence of the film, I comprehend why Mel Gibson felt it was important. To the extent precision goes, that is the route we as Christians trust it played out. This was a route for society to see what Jesus experienced for us, to what agonizing torment he languished over our wrongdoings. How or what other place would there be a superior scene then through this film for all of us to see the torment and be somewhat lowered about our own trivial grievances. From multiple points of view I felt like he took it somewhat far to the point that I didn’t need to observe yet then I understood in the event that he endured that much couldn’t I distress myself marginally and watch it? My own response towards the film was sure and overpowering. It was extremely peculiar to see the story become animated on film. I felt somewhat discouraged a while later. I felt that the entertainer who played Jesu... Free Essays on Passion Of The Christ Reaction Free Essays on Passion Of The Christ Reaction The degree of the exactness of the film was fantastic. To have the whole movie’s exchange be in Aramaic was the most mind blowing thing. Prior to watching the film I however that Mel Gibson may slaughter the story by misrepresenting or adulterating parts of it yet he really stuck to the memorable Biblical form. The main thing that wasn’t precisely known to be genuine is the possibility of Lucifer appearing to Jesus all through his difficulty however I would think that its entirely conceivable that Lucifer be there watching Jesus endure. The meaning of hostile to Semitism is antagonistic vibe toward or victimization Jews as a strict, ethnic, or racial gathering. Does this film lead me to these emotions? In many manners, no. Be that as it may, being a Christian viewing the Jewish devout ministers and hordes of Jewish individuals condemning Jesus to his appalling demise, I experienced scorn towards those individuals. Do I feel like the Jewish people group of today is in at any rate answerable for what was the deal? No. Thus, I would contend that you needed to have entered the film with sentiments of Anti-Semitism to have the option to have left with those emotions. I felt that to the extent the issue of the bloodiness of the film, I comprehend why Mel Gibson felt it was important. To the extent exactness goes, that is the route we as Christians trust it played out. This was a path for society to see what Jesus experienced for us, to what agonizing agony he languished over our wrongdoings. How or what other place would there be a superior scene then through this film for every one of us to see the torment and be somewhat lowered about our own negligible grumblings. From numerous points of view I felt like he took it somewhat far to the point that I didn’t need to observe yet then I understood in the event that he endured that much couldn’t I inconvenience myself marginally and watch it? My own response towards the film was certain and overpowering. It was extremely weird to see the story become animated on film. I felt somewhat discouraged a short time later. I felt that the on-screen character who played Jesu...

Richmond Park - Playground & Horse Track Management plan Research Paper

Richmond Park - Playground and Horse Track Management plan - Research Paper Example Generally significant of these are the genuine physical changes of the recreation center contributed by extra establishment of offices, structures and the development of extra trees and creatures. For example, seepage has been included and that structures are continually being constructed, remodeled or torn down as new substitutions are raised. The recreation center has likewise observed monstrous tree planting activities, the presentation of deer cultivating and game conservation. By the turn of the twentieth century, the recreation center has been opened to general society and the following change during this period was for the most part done to oblige the attack of individuals and traffic. These changes, nonetheless, were constantly dedicated to what the recreation center has rely on in long periods of presence. In 1843, Rowton remarked that â€Å"the express calmed and isolation that reigns in its far off breaks †the poetical character of its view, its softy expanding yards , its respectable trees, its peaceful lakes, and the groups of deer that meander, its honorable trees, its serene lakes, and the crowds of deer†¦ all consolidate to render it a spot to the individuals who might see nature in her bright and idyllic garb.† (p187) This perception despite everything sounds valid today. Because of the fastidious administration of the progressive park organizations in spite of the various issues and difficulties they looked during their occasions. One could consider the Richmond Park’s consistent improvement as some type of development that is required all together for this exceptional open space to endure. Surely, today is still particularly being used and is really considered by numerous individuals as an island of characteristic scene, and a leftover of old England, meriting acknowledgment and safeguarding. The progressions have been and will be suffered through the activities guided by the progressive administration plans, for exampl e, the one being laid out by this paper. Presentation: Today, Richmond Park is as yet the biggest of all the Royal Parks in the United Kingdom possessing in excess of an aggregate of 955 hectares. It is arranged in South-West London in Richmond-upon-Thames. The external edges of the parkland are flanked by generally private and business zones, notwithstanding other open spaces, for example, the nearby Boroughs and the Wimbledon Common Conservators. Its principle utility lies in its offices for detached diversions and exercises for guests. For instance, the recreation center gloats of an instructive focus, bistro, greens, expressive dance school, a few refreshment focuses and the Pembroke Lodge, which could suit staying guests too the individuals who need to profit of its meeting offices. Underscore that the Park is a piece of the chains of spaces that are available to the general population, deliberately set in West London. The Park is additionally a universally huge area in view of its inclination preservation esteem. It is explicitly perceived for its work on untamed life, especially in territories of asylums, the protection of its fields just as its current havens for biodiversity. As of now, it has various nearby and national assignments, for example, being a piece of the English Heritage Register of Parks and Garden of Special Interest, a Site of Specific Scientific

Project Plan - Landscapers Association - Free Essay Example

Case Study Project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Project Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Landscapersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Association of New South Wales Project Management Plan Centralised Database Records Management System Landscapersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Association of New South Wales Project Management Plan Centralised Database Records Management System Restructure the Associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current record keeping functions and implement a centralised database records system to give all staff access to the same information from individual workstations. Project Objective To develop a centralised database records system to significantly speed up information flow throughout the organisation and thereby resulting in more time for staff to proactively pursue tasks that will enhance and develop the Associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s service to its members. AGGREGATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN The Aggregate Project Management Plan cons ists four strategies: the Project Management Plan Flow Chart, GANTT Chart, and comprehensive Project Management Plans. The three strategies are the core, inter-dependent working components of the project portfolio. A fourth strategy is used to manage the on-going Program for monitoring, maintenance, evaluation, and effectiveness of the new database records system. Project Management Life Cycle The Project Management Life Cycle is a process map to assist in understanding the life cycle of the project. The key lesson is to recognise that each step depends on it predecessor. To manage the project successfully, each step must be completed in order: Define Plan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Loopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Executive Adjust Monitor Complete Evaluate Celebrate Essential Components for Effective Project Management Detailed Activity for each Plan and Phase Correct Sequencing Estimated timeframe for each Activity Responsibility for each Activity The four Aggregate Project Plan strategies or processes are summarised as follows. Project Management Plan Flow Chart The Project Management Flow Chart details the eight key Project Management Plans and the major tasks for implementation in each Plan. Full detail on deployment of each task, staff/ department/ Supplier responsibility, estimated duration, any predecessors, timeframe, and milestones is shown in the GANTT Chart. GANTT Chart The GANTT Chart addresses each Plan and identifies essential Tasks, staff responsibility, predecessors, and timeframe in each step of the Plan. Project Management Plans Initial Phase Plan Once the Project Supplier is determined, Project Plan and Procedures are determined addressing the following key objectives: Project Start Date Project Completion Date Project Methodology or Project Life Cycle Scope of Project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" phases of the selected project methodology Project Review Methods Interim Milestones or Critical Dates Tasks by Project Phase (or order to accomplish) Assemble Project Team into key functional areas Brainstorm every possible task Identify Categories to organise task Personnel Responsible Available to Accomplish each task Determine Skill Level necessary to perform each task Identify Task Dependencies Which tasks can be done in parallel Which tasks require the completion of other tasks before they can start Project Control or Review Points Project Cost Estimation and Cost-benefit Analysis Communications Plan Communications within the Project Management Team, the CEO and the Board of Directors, Staff, and the Supplier is key to effectively managing the Project. Communications will influence and inspire others to take ownership of the project and become fully engaged in their roles and responsibilities. Communications objectives Keep staff informed Motivate staff Encourage leadership in the Project Develop coaching and mentoring Nominate Project buddies Minimum disruption to services to members/clients Policy and Procedures manual reference for communications processes Written: emails, staff newsletters, questionnaires, surveys, instruction sheets, Policies Procedures Manuals Verbal: focus groups, meetings, training workshops and stand alone individual training Implementation Plan The Implementation stage is the procedural control stage and critical to the success of the project. A great plan can still fail if the implementation is not carefully executed. Successful implementation depends on two main factors: Careful planning Implementation Strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" eg stand alone, parallel Develop systems and procedures for systems maintenance/ information management / staff training Procedure Control Electronic and hard copy versions are identical Intranet site Keep all versions updated Nominate a procedure controller and distribution method for all systems Sensitivity to those involved in the process and/or affected by it Link to Communications Plan Training needs analysis Identify skills gap Identify staff who have special needs, benefit from individual training, coaching, mentoring Develop follow up (evaluation and monitoring mechanisms) Support Tasks The execution of support tasks are of relative importance to the success of the project. Monitoring and maintaining Legal, OHS, Privacy, and Security information Procedure for System information quality checks Quality Plan for quality management and control Inspections and testing Document control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" procedures and standards Celebrate Project Milestones Completed Project Celebration Staff Incentives for Project Champions Staff Training Plan The introduction of the new database system will require a training process to equip all staff with the necessary skills and competencies to manage their new job roles. A well developed staff training program will develop the employee through the acquisition of knowledge, new skills, and attitudes for future growth opportunities: Minimum disruption strategy Gradual phase in for changes Training Needs Analysis Skills audit Identify gap training Identify staff trainers Identify Systems Administrators Training in small groups Rotate training Some face-to-face training Some self-paced Training out of hours and time in lieu Combine off-site training Monitor budget for overtime, time in lieu Plan to train new staff Develop Competency Maintenance plans for keeping on-going training up to date The Training Analysis Chart on the following page is a schematic representation of the key factors influencing successful training programs. Meetings Plan Meetings are necessary and a useful tool but not automatically effective. Four basic meetings principles incorporated into the Meeting Plan schedule will enhance meetings effectiveness. Make sure that enough has changed to justify a meeting Have an agenda and a purpose for each meeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" concise, focussed, motivating Send out action summary after each meeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an action summary allocates responsibilities and is more effective than minutes Model desired behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" arrive on time, take meetings seriously, target the agenda and outcomes, finish on time Monitoring Evaluation Plan A two stage review and analysis of the success, effectiveness, and maintenance of the Project. A future plan to ensure that monitoring and evaluation of the system takes place at regular future intervals and that changing organisation and technological needs are met. Stage 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Initial Evaluation (conducted immediately after Implementation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" within 1-2 months) Objectives What organisational, staff, client, and industry goals have been achieved What changes in roles and responsibilities have occurred What changes in organisation structure have taken place Outcomes What improvements have been made: better system for staff to work with, better service to clients and suppliers, now industry experts, stronger research and able to better lobby to governments What changes in organisation culture have occurred What improvements have occurred in staff conditions: increased staff morale, better trained staff, What systems, procedures, and communications have improved Analysis Tools for ensuring systems are functioning correctly Communications with staff: questionnaires, meetings, emails, newsletters, individual and department reviews Consult on quality: focus groups interview operators/supervisors, random staff members use questionnaires Evaluate training, coaching, and mentoring effectiveness Evaluate and seek feedback on OHS Monitor sick leave Redefine staff roles Measure quality of work and time management against previous manual system Seek feedback from clients Manage changes to organisation culture Record all observations, examine, report, action, and give feedback Stage 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" On-Going Evaluation, Monitoring, and Maintenance Continuing to monitor the completed project will identify tasks or areas that require adjusting or improvement, maintain the project, and provide further lessons for future project management. Identify what has been learned from the Project What lessons are useful for future projects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" document and include in standards manuals if appropriate Monitoring Procedure Documented in Policy Procedures manuals How often to evaluate What methods to use for evaluation What strategies or processes should be reviewed Who will carry out review Manage with timeframes Maintain security Passwords Virus(es) protection Internet and Intranet security risks Confidentiality agreements Maintain Standard Practices manual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" include control procedures Tools for evaluating and monitoring GANTT chart to monitor Forms for any changes to documents Check sheets Weekly tracking sheets Control charts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" checks against Project Plan Performance measures Feedback from internal/external clients Observations Reporting Systems valuable tool to manage compliance to on-going project status Incorporate into GANTT Monitoring chart Customised to the project and the organisation Design specific report formats to give the information needed Allocate specific reporting responsibilities Staff Training Professional development for all staff Train the Trainers On-Line Learning Training manuals Coaching / mentoring Buddy(ing) Budget Plan Budget reporting process Determine budget for each allocated item Determine Budget Schedule for phased Supplier payments Develop checking system for processing and paying invoices Review Budget weekly Conduct audit on payments made prior to final payment to Supplier Check over-time and time in lieu Contingency Plan Organisations and projects, now matter which industry, share some commonality in the problems they generally encounter. The Contingency Plan is useful in identifying some problems, and solutions to cause minimal disruption, or at least before the problems become insurmountable. The following table identifies key problem areas and possible solutions. Contingency Plan Common Problems and Possible Solutions Human Resources Changes on organisational structure Changes in organisational culture Change management strategies Change in systems Growth or decline in roles and responsibilities Manage staff concerns Provide additional training Establish work buddies Coaching / Mentoring Identify replacements for each key team member Cross-train for critical skills Equipment/Facilities Allow for equipment or facilities failure Negotiate commitments for key equipment and facilities in advance Pilot out of hours Use independent PCs so that other data is unaffected Capital Expenditure Determine the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget cycle and know financial commitments in case of unforeseen expenditure on capital equipment Costs Monitor budget closely Allow Slack-time resources At least one weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leeway Eliminate nonessential items Substitute less costly resources Use incentives or offer a bonus for improved costs or delivery ahead or on time Administrative Procedures Develop detailed operating procedures and standards Administration Communication Implementation Support Tasks Staff Training Meetings Monitoring/Evaluating Budget Review Treat support activities as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internal customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Contracting Closely monitor Supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work progress Plan for possibility that Supplier may not complete job Document sub-contract requirements Demand compliance Ensure product liability Prepare for another supplier to carry on Schedule Slippage Ensue project management team works closely together If one person cannot complete project ensure another is up to date and carry on Make allowance for tasks and activities that are out of sequence or not started or completed on time Recover during later steps Shift resources Allow one weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leeway in deadlines On-going Monitoring, Maintenance, Evaluation, Effectiveness Plans Post project review (possibly six months post implementation) at an appropriate point will provide many à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rear sightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  observations that will, again, be useful for future project planning. It will also determine the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s continued effectiveness and the need for non-going monitoring, maintenance, and evaluation of systems, policies and procedures. Evaluation Chart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Project Review and Audit Criteria Procedure Performance Financial Audit on accounting systems Assess return on investment, assess cost variances to Plan Time Conformance to Plan Customer satisfaction with the timelines of completion and the costs required to provide this Quality Conformance to quality Performance level of project output, perceptions of quality by customers and stakeholders Human Resources Treatment in accordance with contract/ legal conditions of employment, or organisational policy Team spirit, motivation, attitude survey Environmental Conformance to policy set out in environmental management manual Absolute level of environmental impact of project activities Project planning Conformance to Plan Cost of the planning process assessed and appropriateness of techniques Project control Were measures in place and did corrective action take place? Did the control activities provide the basis for significant improvements actions? Appendix Sample questionnaire BIBLIOGRAPHY Principles of Supervision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1st and 2nd Level Managers Muczyk, Schwartz, Smith Supervision in Action Claude S George Jr., Kris Cole Supervision: The Theory and Practice of First-Line Management Kris Cole Practical Project Management Michael Dobson Project Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2nd Edition Harvey Maylor Management, A Pacific Rim Focus Bartol, Martin,Tein, Matthews Appendix Staff Survey / Questionnaire on Project Effectiveness

Why is There No 1890 Census

A federal census was taken in the United States in 1890, as it had been every decade since 1790. It was especially notable for being the first federal census  to provide a separate schedule form for each family, a method that would not be used again until 1970. The result was a volume of papers that far exceeded that of the previous ten federal censuses combined, which Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, implied in his 1900 report on The History and Growth of the United States Census may have driven the ill-fated decision not to make copies. The first damage to the 1890 census occurred on 22 March 1896, when a fire in the Census Building badly damaged the original schedules relating to mortality, crime, pauperism, and benevolence, and the special classes (deaf, dumb, blind, insane, etc.), as well as a portion of the transportation and insurance schedules. First-person accounts claim that carelessness resulted in an unnecessary delay in fighting the fire, yet another tragedy to the 1890 census.1  These damaged 1890 special schedules were believed to have been later destroyed by an order from the Department of the Interior. The U.S. National Archives was not established until 1934, so the remaining 1890 census schedules, including the population schedules, were languishing in the basement of the Department of Commerce Building in Washington, DC, when fire broke out in January 1921, damaging a good portion of the 1890 census schedules. Many organizations, including the National Genealogical Society and Daughters of the American Revolution petitioned that the remaining damaged and waterlogged volumes be preserved. Despite this public outcry, however, thirteen years on 21 February 1933 Congress authorized the destruction of the surviving 1890 schedules, deeming them as useless papers under an Act originally passed by Congress on  16 February 1889 as an â€Å"Act to authorize and provide for the disposition of useless papers in the Executive Departments.2 The damaged, but surviving, 1890 federal census schedules were, unfortunately, among the last papers disposed of under this act, an act soon thereafter succeeded by the 1934 law establishing the National Archives. In the 1940s and 1950s a few bundles of surviving census schedules from 1890 were discovered and moved to the National Archives. However, just 6,160 names were recovered from these surviving fragments of a census which originally counted nearly 63 million Americans. ----------------------------------------------------- Sources: Harry Park, Careless Fire Service Claimed, The Morning Times, Washington, D.C., 23 March 1896, page 4, col. 6.U.S. Congress,  Disposition of Useless Papers in the Department of Commerce, 72nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Report No. 2080 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933), no. 22 Schedules, population 1890, original.   For Further Research: Dorman, Robert L. The Creation and Destruction of the 1890 Federal Census. The American Archivist, Vol. 71 (Fall/Winter 2008) : 350–383.Blake, Kellee. First in the Path of the Firemen: The Fate of the 1890 Population Census. Prologue, Vol. 28, no. 1 (Spring 1996) : 64–81.

Supply Chain Management Zara s Strategy - 847 Words

According to Motiwalla (2011) â€Å"Supply chain management is the science of developing a strategy to organize, control, and motivate the resources involved in the flow of services and materials within the supply chain.† (P. 305). In fact, Zara’s strategy in the clothing retail business is to comprehend the customers needs, produce new fast styles of clothing, and market it for sale using efficient information systems to gather information, manage product, inventory and distribution. Likewise, Limited Brads strategy managed to consolidate their technology operations into a single shared service for all of its brands using chain technologies and processes to drive the speed to market requirements. First, â€Å"Retail companies have become involved in supply chain management in order to control product quality, inventory levels, timing, and expenses.† (About money). For this reason, Zara’s strategy ensured that its supply chain capabilities supported its ability to satisfy the targeted customers. In addition, Zara collects information on customer needs, integrates data with design, manufacturing and distribution functions. With this in mind, Zara concentrated its product to short lead time, lower quantities, more styles and use an effective distribution system. Similarly, Limited Brands, shifted to a high end product line that required a strategy to bring product to market and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, Limited Brands management approved the project of building a globalShow MoreRelatedZara Postponement Strategy1702 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The case of Zara – The Postponement strategy I) Introduction In order to compete in the world of rising globalization and shortening of product life cycle nowadays, firms have to deal with the demand for increasing product variety to meet the diverse needs of customers. Mass customization has become a requirement for many businesses especially in the dynamic, fast-changing industries. However, the more product varieties, the more difficult it is to forecast demand, control inventory and manufactureRead MoreZara877 Words   |  4 PagesSupply Chain Management – Case Assignment 2 Guidelines for submission The questions in this document should be answered for the Zara case, which can be found on pages 267 – 279 of the text book. The questions on page 294 should NOT be answered. Please keep your answers concise and to the point. Include the numbering of the questions. You are allowed to use bullet points. Use MS Word, 12 point font size, standard margins for A4 paper. Start the document with your student number and name onRead MoreThe Supply Chain Of Zara Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesZara is one of the biggest brands in the world in the field of clothing. It always keeps in mind to improve their production quality. Supply chain management is the intercorrection of organizations managements that relate to each other through linkages between processes that produce value to customer. The term supply network refers to all operations that were linked together to provide goods and services through this network along individual channels or standards of that network. The supply chainRead MoreZara s Supply Chain Of Zara1300 Words   |  6 PagesZara’s Supply Chain Zara is characterized by its unique and rapid-fire supply chain that is governed by the vertically integrated system that links their shops, designers, and distribution system. The key players in this system are the wholesalers and retailers, so controlling the activities of those mark the success of the business. Zara’s system is so integrated that makes it hard for other competitors to nail the starting point of a similar product. In the Design Phase, 300 professional designersRead MoreZaras Case Study1373 Words   |  6 Pages1. What is Zara’s value Proposition? How does it differ from its Competitors? â€Å"Zara has pioneered leading-edge fashion clothes for budget minded young adults through a tightly integrated vertical structure that cuts delivery time between a garment’s design and retail delivery to under three weeks (against the industry norm of three to six months)† (Grant, 2010, p.212) According to Clayton Christensen in order to process you Value Proposition you must look at the following (Harvard BusinessRead MoreZara- Rapid-Fire Fulfillment1006 Words   |  5 PagesZara-Rapid Fire Fulfillment BUS3022/Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management August 19, 2013 Oliver Schwabe Zara-Rapid Fire Fulfillment It is becoming apparent that the ever changing environment in the global marketplace requires a swifter response time from businesses and their supply chains. The era when production was moved overseas, so businesses can take advantage of low-cost labor is coming to an end, because businesses are not only competing on price but also on time. TheRead MoreZar A Critique Of A Business Case Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesZARA’S OPERATIONS STATEGY, A CRITIQUE OF A BUSINESS CASE. 1.Excecutive summary. Operations management is in regard to all operations within the organization responsible for creating goods and services that organizations pass to their customers. This function is at the heart of all organizations, giving the means of achieving their aims and reason for their existence. These activities include: managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage and logistics. A great deal of focus in operationsRead MoreCase Study : Zaras Success1299 Words   |  6 Pages3.0 Zara s success is due to its approaches to operations management Discuss. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Operations management refers to all operations and activities within the organization responsible for the creation of goods and services that the organization passes to its customers. The main activities of operation management include managing purchases, quality control, inventory control, storage and logistics and a great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of such a process (slackRead MoreZara Business Plan1168 Words   |  5 Pages a ready-to-wear chain distinguishes itself through its original strategy and its lightning growth: Zara. This apparel retailer belongs to the group Inditex, which also owns for example brands such as Massimo Dutti and Bershka. The company’s headquarters are in Corunna (Spain), and was founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega. The concept of Zara’s stores is to propose a wide range of clothes as well as underwear, accessories and shoes –and even recently, interior decoration with Zara Home. Stores can beRead MoreZara s Supply Chain Management3096 Words   |  13 PagesZara’s Supply Chain Management (SCM) System Ratchanobon Kamdecha Virginia International University CMP 570 Enterprise Information Systems Professor Moses Niwe October 22, 2014 Table of Contents: Abstract 3 - Introduction 4 - History 4 - Production 4 - Design 4 - Store 5 - Distribution and Procurement 5 The supply chain of Zara 6 - Rules of fashion supply chain management system 7 - The value chain of Zara 8 - Zara information

Human Resource Management and Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management and Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the most crucial part of Human resource management of an organization. If you consider the organization and the employees regarding it, Leadership always plays a vital role. Likewise, the newer research in case of human resource management differs considerably from older research. Older research has always focused on administrative subjects of assortment, compensation and all. Whereas the newer research always keeps its focus on serving the strategic interest of the organization and how HRM may increase the capacity of the employees of the particular organization. These two strategies of research have developed all along together. Much of the leadership phenomena in human resource management stresses the reasoning and moving relationship among the leader and the organizational employees and thus differ leadership from the administration of objective systems. Leadership always puts a primary effect outside of the so-called administrative system of the organization. It ca n take any organization to the highest level of success. Background of the project HRM is a very important topic for the research proposal. There are many significant factors of HRM department are critically described in this proposal. In addition in this research proposal the research problem, aim, objectives and questions are critically examined. Problem The main problem of this project is to find the strategies of a leader to improve the human resource management of a particular organization. The leader will make him sufficient enough by taking the best strategies to improve the particular organization. Also there are some bigger issues rather than this where a leader will have to face more than one challenge while running a particular organization. The way of handling the challenge matters and that is where the problem arises. Moreover every organization wants put good impact upon the market, so finding the strategies of putting good impact on the market can be considered as one of the research problems here. These are the main problems which are being resolved in this research proposal. Problem statement The problem statement of HRM mainly relies upon few points: Lack of ability causes enough problems to the organization. Often the employees are unable to complete mentioned tasks within the given period(Gilbert, De Winne, Sels, 2015). There are two things which mainly affect the employees, either they lack in confidence, or just they don't have the patience to fulfill a particular task. Lack of motivation is another important issue which can harm any organization. The employees of any organization always want to be motivated by someone("HRM and Quantitatives: Decision Tree and Vector Analysis in HRM Theory", 2014). They always try to follow a person who is experienced and good enough in the particular field. If the organization doesnt have a quality leader, a huge problem will arise for the organization in the future. Lack of training, lack of consistency, lack of self-confidence of the employees of an organization is very harmful(Dessler, 2000). It severely effects the organization very often. Aim of the research The main aim of this research is to provide the best environment for the employees in the organization. Their ethical requirements are the main points to be considered. Providing a friendly environment for the employees is the prime aim of this research. Research objectives The objectives of research are as follows: To improve the human resource management of an organization the leader needs to take some strategies. These strategies have to be followed by the employees by whom they can improve themselves as well as the organization. To face any challenges in the human resource in an organization. The leader of the organization will always be ready to face any challenges along with the employees of the organization. To put an impact on business process and growth the leader must come forward in every aspect because an organizational improvement always puts a good impact on the outer market. The employees of the organization must follow the path of the leader now and then especially in this case. Research Justification It has become very difficult to see the world around us in a uni-dimensional way and use only single criteria in judging what we see. In these cases the leaders of human resource management of an organization need to take the organization to another level of success, they should achieve the goal in a disciplined way. Today mankind has replaced the old technologies with modern science methods(Ulrich, Losey, Miesinger, 2005). The usage of modern science has made the people take the best decisions in a given situation. A perfect leader of HRM of an organization will try to make anything possible to do to achieve a particular goal. Where the employees play their best role and ready to do anything that the situations demand. Literature review A literature review is one of the most important and preliminary steps of a research proposal. It is an extended report of information which we can find in many types of literature study such as, books, quotes, and journals (Mondy, Noe, Gowan, 2005). The main work of the review is to summarize, evaluate, clarify and describe the various aspects of researches. It gives a theoretical clarification for the study and it also helps to decide the nature of the research. In this research, we can find some basic points to describe the literature review, for example, the significance of leadership in human resource management, the relationship between the human resource management and leadership of an organization, Significance of leadership on human resource management Human resource management, as well as a human resource manager, is one of the most important parts of an organization(Armstrong Armstrong, 2011). Their works are more or less similar to the leaders of the organization but they only look after the employee related issues and deal with their primary requirements. On the other hand, the leaders take the responsibility of many aspects, like employee satisfaction, production procedure, customer feedback and so many. The main job of the leader of an organization is to provide the required facilities to the workers of the organization including the human resource manager and also to motivate them towards their task. Leaders of an organization are someone who is respected by all workers. The employees including the human resource managers like to follow someone who is respected by them. So it is their responsibility to maintain their self-respect among the workers. The leaders always motivate and influence the leaders. John Quincy Adams sta ted that if a leaders actions influence others to learn more, do more and to dream more, he is a successful leader. The leaders motivate the human resource manager to do their work properly and with confidence. As the human resource managers look after the employee related issues they need to be very supportive and influential towards the workers of the organization(Mathis Jackson, 2003). Thus it the responsibility of the leaders to look after the basic requirements of the human resource managers(Noe, 2006). For example, John C. Maxwell has said that the leader is someone who goes the right way, knows the right way and always shows the right way to the workers as well as the human resource managers. There are some factors or aspects that a leader should follow to motivate the workers and the human resource managers of an organization. There is no end to the learning process. So the leaders should not stop learning. That will help them to manage their workers with more skills and co nfidence. The leaders should also maintain a pleasant communication and relationship with the workers and the human resource managers. Otherwise, it will cause disobedience by the workers and human resource managers. According to Ray Krok, the qualities of a leader is always reflected in the values they place on themselves(Giuliani Kurson, 2002). Relationship between leadership and human resource management Leadership and human resource management both are equally important to run an organization successfully(Armstrong Armstrong, 2009). Both the fields are complimentary to each other. The job a human resource manager is to provide mental support and other basic requirements to the employees. Suppose if the employee is having any difficulty with his work he can ask help to the human resource manager. So the human resource manager has to be there with the workers whenever there is any difficulty or crisis and to solve it with appropriate skill and confidence(Stander Rothmann, 2009). They also need to look after other issues related to employee satisfaction. For example, if a worker is working for the extra time he is getting his overtime remuneration or not. Other than these another important task of a human resource manager is to recruit workers for an organization. So a human resource manager must have the potential to know his employees and to motivate them. Arsene Wenger has said tha t one of the most important things about managing employees is to influence them in a positive way. That is what a human resource manager is all about. Similarly, a leader of an organization has to look after some aspects which even include the employee satisfaction of workers as well as the human resource managers(Saravani, 2014). They also have to look after the production procedure of the organization as well as the customer feedback. So the basic job of both leaders and human resource manager is more or less similar which is to motivate the employees. Peter Drucker stated that management of an organization always does the things right where the leader does the right thing. Influence of the leaders to the work environment of human resource managers Another most important point of an organization is the work environment of in which the employees, as well as the human resource manager, do their job. For an organization, the work environment is the most important aspect. If the work environment is not supportive of satisfactory to the workers, then it will result in the downfall of the company or the organization. That is why it the responsibility of the leader to provide the workers and the human resource manager a better work environment(Anderson, Butler, Harbridge, 2016). Otherwise, it may cause disobedience among the workers which are obviously not good for the organization as a whole. Thomas Aquinas has said that if the main aim of a leader is to preserve his ship he would keep it in the port forever. Another aspect is included in this point which is the behavioral factor. If the leader ever behaves rudely with workers or the human resource manager, then it will create an unpleasant communication or relationship between them which will surely be harmful or the organization or the company. Arnold H. Glasow said that a great leader always takes a slightly more than his share of guilt and takes a slightly less than his share of the praise. Conceptual framework Research question What strategies need to be taken by a leader to improve the human resource management of an organization? What challenges are faced by the human resource department of an organization? How does human resource management put impacts on business process and growth? Research hypothesis This research will be proved to be very helpful in building a good leader as well as an organization. There is enough information in this research which can develop a good efficient leader. The leader then can build a perfect HRM for that particular organization. Strategies need to be followed; challenges are to be faced, and there will be an outcome which will put a good impact upon the world. You need to influence the employee by putting a good impression upon them; you must motivate them to do their duties. This will help the employees as well as the organization in their future growth. Research methodology Research approach The approach of this research is to build a perfect HRM for an organization. Developing a perfect leader is also one of the approaches to this research. There are many methods which are mentioned above already by which you will get to know how an HRM of an organization gets built up. To build a good leader we must build a group of perfect supporting stuff by motivating them, by giving them all the facilities, by setting a perfect example in front of them. That motivation, that example is none other than the leader of the organization himself or herself. Research design The research design is mainly known as the documental part of the research. The research design tells us the parts and the sub-parts like dependent variables, experimental design, research question etc. This thesis is totally dependent on the employee performance is review research design and descriptive("Rethinking Design Data", 2013). A design with details means hypothesis depends on the survey and realistic observation. On the other side, many of them want to say that literature builds the hypothesis. Sampling method The requirement and the nature of the study stay unaffected by the dimension of the sample. It suggests that the case of individual investigation has no responsibilities. Then the sample frame will be benefited from the specialties of production store of that particular organization. Besides this, the professionals don't think about the size of illustration further more. Data collection method The data collection method is known as the procedure of measuring as well as collecting information and data on directed variables. The process of data collection is recognized in a methodical fashion. It then uses individuals to give a reply to some questions and measure the result. There are two types of data collection such as primary and secondary data collection method. Primary data collection is the process when original data is collected(Alshenqeeti, 2014). Secondary data collection happens when data are collected from sources of books, websites etc. Types of analysis The thing which is used in data analysis is known as the types of analysis. For example, this project is based on building a strong leader for a human resource management of an organization, the data analysis of this research is based on observation and descriptive data analysis. Qualitative and quantitative are the two types of data analysis. Just because qualitative data analysis includes observation and description, here we have used qualitative data analysis. Research instrument When it is needed to find the strategies of any research we use research instruments. In data collection technique the tool which is used is called the research instruments. Its the responsibility of the researcher to guarantee that the chosen instrument is valid as well as reliable. In this research, the tools are reading and observation. Research Outcome In this research, you will get to know how to maintain a human resource management system of an organization by a good leader. The technique of research is more advanced today, leaders of the new generation are modern enough to learn everything perfectly. They adapt to survive. The main focused point of this research is to take the HRM of a particular organization to another level. Organization of study The organization study is as follows: Section I: This section of the project consists the introduction part which has the problem statements, research questions, research objectives and research rationale as its subparts. Section II: Conceptual framework is the main part of this section Section III: Literature review and research hypothesis are the parts of this section. Section IV: This section consists of the research methodology and Research Approach, Research design, Sampling Method, Data collection method, Types of Analysis, Research instrument as its subparts Section V: Research outcome, Gantt chart and Project budget justification are discussed here in this section. Gantt chart Project budget and budget justification The budget is mentioned for the mentioned reason Literature Review: Use of journal articles, books and online resources which are not free of cost at all. It costs $1000. Data collection: Sometimes collecting data requires some post services where electronic mail does not work. It will cost around $2000. Data Analysis: Incase of analyzing chart tables and data from other resources it takes a fair amount of money to do so. It costs $1000. In Total Conclusion The above research proposal gives us an elaborative idea on the relation between leadership and the human resource management of an organization or company, how much they are connected to each other and also how their works and performance is complimentary to each other. Not only this but this research has helped us also to learn the various aspects related to both the fields. At the end of the research or to conclude the research it must be admitted that both human resource management and the leadership is equally important for the development of a company or the organization. And both are needed to be developed as well. The difference between the mentioned fields is just that leadership is about something more extended. It acquires several extra aspects in comparison with human resource management. Though human resource management only deals with the employee related issues that is one of the most important parts of a company. Without the help of the human resource manager, the emp loyees would not be able to do their work properly. And when it comes to the decision-making process of any idea or suggestion the opinion of the human research manager is something that matters. They have the right to take the final decision. On the other hand, the leaders are responsible for more or less every aspect of the organization. They have to control their employees and also the human resource manager and also have to concentrate on the production procedure of the company and also look after the feedback of the customers. Without the help of the leaders, no employees or workers including the human resource managers would be able to do their work with proper skill and confidence. In all the above research proposal I very helpful in understanding the need of various fields, their objectives, methodology and implementation of various latest ideas to develop an organization or a company as a whole. References Alshenqeeti, H. (2014). Interviewing as a Data Collection Method: A Critical Review.ELR,3(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v3n1p39 Anderson, S., Butler, D., Harbridge, L. (2016). Legislative Institutions as a Source of Party Leaders' Influence.Legislative Studies Quarterly. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12124 Armstrong, M. Armstrong, M. (2009).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. Armstrong, M. (2011).Armstrong's handbook of strategic human resource management. London: Kogan Page. Dessler, G. (2000).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gilbert, C., De Winne, S., Sels, L. (2015). Strong HRM processes and line managers' effective HRM implementation: a balanced view.Human Resource Management Journal,25(4), 600-616. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12088 Giuliani, R. Kurson, K. (2002).Leadership. New York: Hyperion. HRM and Quantitatives: Decision Tree and Vector Analysis in HRM Theory. (2014).CBR,13(06). https://dx.doi.org/10.17265/1537-1506/2014.06.004 Mathis, R. Jackson, J. (2003).Human resource management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-western. Mondy, R., Noe, R., Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Noe, R. (2006).Human resource management. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Rethinking Design Data. (2013).Adr. https://dx.doi.org/10.15187/adr.2013.11.26.4.7 Saravani, S. (2014). Relationship between Leadership Factors and Human Resource Empowerment from the Perspective of Education Staff in Iran.KCAJBMR,4(4), 11-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0018955 Stander, M. Rothmann, S. (2009). The relationship between Leadership, Job satisfaction and Organisational Commitment.SA J. Hum. Resour. Manag.,6(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v6i3.145 Ulrich, D., Losey, M., Miesinger, S. (2005).The future of human resource management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Observing a Stranger Essay Sample free essay sample

Who: Description of the Person I have observed a lady who is about five pess tall and about one hundred 15 lbs. By looking at her eyes. I have a good ground to believe that she is Asiatic. This just skin person was have oning a black skirt suit which is neither excessively drawn-out nor excessively short. a cotton blouse with a simple neckband that goes highly good with the square silk scarf which does non hold excessively much forms. She was besides have oning a stocking that is extremely light in colour and a freshly polished black leather places with one and a half inch heel. She had a ring and a watchband every bit good. In footings of temper. she seemed to be in an first-class frame of head as she was ever smiling. She was so polite even with the servers of the eating house or any of the persons in the topographic point. We will write a custom essay sample on Observing a Stranger Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Where: Location I went to detect in the anteroom of one of the best hotels in Manhattan. I observed the individual in the eating house of the hotel merely next to where I am situated. Why: Reason for the Individual’s Presence in the Location I believe that she has a meeting with a client since the adult male who arrived shortly after she did was besides have oning insouciant concern garb ( Ramsey. 2007 ) . He looks highly professional as his shirt has the typical collars/sleeves and it evidently has no furrows ( Ramsey. 2007 ) . Although he has a moustache and burnsides. he still looks perfect because he is well-dressed ( Virginia Tech. 2006 ) . Just like her. it is obvious that he paid utmost attending to the tantrum of his garb ( Virginia Tech. 2006 ) . What: Description of What the Individual’s Doing She waited for him for about three proceedingss. When he arrived. they unfolded their serviettes so positioned them carefully on to their laps. When the waiter went over at their tabular array. they placed their orders instantly. After that they were served with the chief class. they had sweet. after that they had java. While basking their java. the lady showed a few things to the adult male. Several sheets of paper were taken out which seemed to be studies of interior designs. She was speaking. she was likely discoursing about those designs. Possibly. she was besides inquiring what the adult male thinks about it since the latter either nods or smilings and points at some of the sheets being shown by the lady. However. a few proceedingss after what seemed to be a presentation of interior designs. it was the man’s bend to state something drawn-out. While he was making that. the lady courteously accepts what seems to be suggestions. inquiries. reactions. etc of the adult male by taking down notes or merely cernuous. Discussion and Assessment of the Individual’s Behavior The lady that I have observed seemed to be a really nice individual. She is non merely professional ; she besides acts as if she is really well-mannered. â€Å"The sum and strength of interpersonal interactions† that the lady engaged in or exhibited shows that she is an â€Å"extravert† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . This is likely why she appears to be extremely sociable. ebullient. colloquial. etc. ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Furthermore. she is rather â€Å"agreeable† because of the fact that she exhibited the undermentioned features: â€Å"being concerted. determined. soft. helpful. etc† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . In add-on to that. she appears to hold the ability to â€Å"connect with others pityingly† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Furthermore. I have observed that she is â€Å"careful. driven. hardworking. self-restraining. precise. responsible. well-organized. etc† which says much about â€Å"conscientiousness† or the â€Å"illustriousness of organisation. self-denial. and continuity that an single exhibits in making one’s aims† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . In add-on to the aforementioned. I have seen how adjusted and calm/composed she was even though the adult male disagreed to some of her statements when she was demoing her designs ( Meyers. 2004 ) . It merely demo how emotionally stable this individual is. Last but non least. I saw how earthy she is because of her ability to accept suggestions. corrections. etc ; intelligent and how inventive she is because of her designs ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Her openness is merely so admirable. Other Individuals’ Reactions on the Individual’s Presence/Behavior She is polite. neat. and really attractive ; possibly that was why I did non notice any negative reactions toward her presence/behavior. The others who besides ate there took glimpses over at their tabular array and in instance she’s besides looking she would give out a simple smiling. Individual’s Appropriateness of Behavior I believe that her â€Å"openness. emotional stableness. conscientiousness. amenity. etc† contributed greatly to my appraisal that her behaviour is truly extremely appropriate ( Ticao. 2001 ) . Rationale for My Assessment Openness. I said. because even if the adult male disagreed to some of her statements. she did non respond violently. alternatively she accepted those ; 2nd. emotional stableness. I said. because she was able to remain calm/composed in malice of the negative feedback coming from the adult male ; 3rd. painstaking because she worked really difficult and appeared to be really determined in finishing her undertaking and achieving her ends ; etc. ( Ticao. 2001 ) . How: Description of Effort I Made to Fully Observe the Stranger At first. I was merely sitting next to the eating house where the one I wanted to detect was seated. nevertheless. when my involvement on the topic got deeper. I went in the eating house myself and ordered for something merely to be able to detect more. For me. this is rather an attempt since I spent my two-week allowance in that hotel merely for this assignment. Pitfalls The booby trap or what I did non truly anticipate is that I will be able to acquire anything from that observation exercising. I seemed to hold been trapped in the portion where I did non even cognize what things to concentrate on to or pay attending to in the first topographic point. Contemplation Through this exercising. I have learned how of import it is to detect and look into elaborate facets of things. The rightness of behaviour is rather a learning experience on my portion since it is something that I can transport and use to run my life swimmingly. Mentions Meyers. D. ( 2004 ) .Psychology: Seventh Edition.New York: Deserving Publishers. Ramsey. L. ( 2007 ) .Proper Business Attire.Retrieved March 1. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sideroad. com/Business_Attire/proper-business-attire. hypertext markup language Ticao. C. J. ( 2001 ) .Introduction to Psychology.Q. C. : UP Press. Virginia Tech. ( 2006 ) .Business Casual Attire.Retrieved March 1. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. calling. vt. edu/JOBSEARC/BusCasual. htm

Melanie Klein Essay Example

Melanie Klein Essay Example Melanie Klein Essay Melanie Klein Essay Melanie Klein (30 March 1882 – 22 September 1960) was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children and was particularly interested in the early psychological development that which had a significant impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis and is still used in present day therapeutic techniques. Klein was the first to use psychoanalysis on young children. She was unique by working with children using toys. Klein is named as one of the co-founders of Object Relations Theory. Anna Freud was researching ORT during the same time as Klein. Freud’s ideas concerning children mostly came from working with adult patients; Klein was innovative in working directly with children, often as young as two years old. Klein saw children’s play as their primary mode of emotional communication. After observing troubled children play with toys such as dolls, animals, plasticine, pencil and paper, Klein attempted to interpret the specific meaning of play. Following Freud she emphasized the significant role that parental figures played the child’s phantasy life, and considered that the timing of Freud’s Oedipus complex was incorrect. Contradicting Freud, she concluded that the superego was present from birth ORT is a theory of relationships between people, such as the mother and her child. A basic belief is that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to form successful early relationships leads to later problems. It is also concerned with the relation between the subject and their internalized objects, as well as with external objects. Thus we have a relationship with the internal mother as well as an external one. Example: As the child feeds, it feels gratified and satiated when the breast produces sufficient milk, in which case it is loved and cherished. When the child is prematurely withdrawn or the breast does not provide sufficient food, the child is frustrated and the breast is hated and the recipient of hostile thoughts. The mother thus receives love or destructive attack depending on this. The baby experiences extremes of feeling. When he is angry, it is total anger and rejects and thrusts away the mother. When he is happy, he loves and adores her. He projects his bad feeling and associates her with it. In Klein’s concept, phantasy originates from within and imagines what is without, it offers an unconscious commentary on instinctual life and links feelings to objects and creates a new combination: the world of imagination. For Klein, unconscious phantasies underlie not only dreams but all thought and activity, both creative and destructive, including the expression of internal object relations. They modify external events, investing them with significance. While Freud’s ideas concerning children mostly came from working with adult patients, Klein was innovative in working directly with children, often as young as two years old. Klein saw children’s play as their primary mode of emotional communication. After observing troubled children play with toys such as dolls, animals, pencil and paper, Klein attempted to interpret the specific meaning of play. Following Freud she emphasized the significant role that parental figures played the child’s phantasy life, and considered that the timing of Freud’s Oedipus complex was incorrect. Contradicting Freud, she concluded that the superego was present from birth. PHANTASIES: -satisfy instincts by converting them into ideas and images. Hunger leads to a phantasy of an object that can satisfy it. come from instincts that border physical and psychical activities and are thus experienced both physically and mentally. For example a child who sucks its thumb is enacting the phantasy of feeding. Satisfying experiences are re-enacted internally through phantasies. -enables the ego to perform its most basic function of establishing object relations. A worl d of good and bad objects are thus constructed through a process of projection and introjection between the external and internal worlds. Phantasy thus allows us to construct both our own identity and also, through projection, the construction of others. develop in and into play, and Klein used play therapy to learn about the early development of infants as a more effective method than Freuds use of free association. -continue through childhood and into adult life. Phantasies becoming more elaborate and referring to a wider range of objects and situations continue throughout development and accompany all activities; they never stop playing a great part in all mental life (Klein:1997:251) -is a state of mind of an infant child during the early stages of development. stem from genetic needs, drives and instincts. They appear in symbolic form in dreams, play and neuroses. They are constructed from internal and external reality, modified by feelings, and emotions, and then projected into both real and imaginary objects. -are the means by which infants make sense of the external world and hence relate to it through Projection and Introjections. Infantile feelings and phantasies leave, as it were, their imprints on the mind, imprints that do not fade away but get stored up, remain active, and exert a continuous and powerful influence on the emotional and intellectual life of the individual (Klein:1975:290) Depressive Position: After exploring ultra -aggressive phantasies of hate, envy, and greed in very young, very ill children, Melanie Klein proposed a model of the human psyche that linked significant fluctuation of state, with whether the postulated Eros or Thanatos instincts were in the fore. She named the state of the psyche, when the sustaining principle of life is in domination, the depressive position. This is considered by many to be her great contribution to psychoanalytic thought. Klein argued that people who never succeed in working through the depressive position in their childhood will, as a result, continue to struggle with this problem in adult life. For example: the cause that a person may maintain suffering from intense guilt feelings over the death of a loved one, may be found in the un-worked- through depressive position. The guilt is there because of a lack of separation between inside and outside and also as a defense mechanism to defend the self against unbearable feelings of intense sadness and sorrow and subsequently the internal object against the unbearable rage of the self, which can destroy the (internal) object forever. Klein saw the depressive position as an important developmental milestone that continues to mature throughout the life span. The splitting and part object relations that characterize the earlier phase are succeeded by the capacity to perceive that the other who frustrates is also the one who gratifies

Human Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human Rights - Research Paper Example We do sense that an ‘indispensable minimum’ is required for such an existence. If ‘we chose to set our minds to it by cooperating and making it a priority we feel with some confidence that such unnecessary deprivation could be overcome. And yet profound injustices on a staggering global scale remain. Continuing theoretical confusion and disagreement serves as a barrier for the human rights project. Nussbaum has advanced the 'capabilities approach' as a non-rights alternative. The capabilities approach focuses on what beings are actually able to do and be, their capability to function, and is an influential approach to quality of life measurement that increasingly features in international debate. A capabilities focus was incorporated into the United Nations Human Development Reports in 1993, largely under the influence of economist, philosopher, and Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Nussbaum's own pioneering work initially adopted the language and notion of human capabil ity and functioning independently through her study of Aristotle. Nussbaum has since fused her project with that of Sen's into a theoretical framework at once grounded in ancient ideas and pertinent to development of contemporary public policy (Crocker 585). This paper explores the ways in which Nussbaum's theory is not only compatible with but also enriching of rights. The Concept of Capabilities A different language about people's basic entitlements and justified claims has emerged in recent years focused on human capability and human functioning. Capability concerns the freedom to function in certain ways deemed valuable, involving particular powers and opportunities. Functioning is the actual choosing and doing of these valued things. Conceptually, this language of people's capabilities refers to ''their abilities to do and to be certain things deemed valuable" (Nussbaum ' Capabilities and Human Rights’ 119). The idea behind Nussbaum's capabilities approach is that there are certain functions people should be empowered to do which are understood to constitute a human life. A life developed and shaped by the choosing and doing of a range of these functions demarcates a dignified or 'true' life from one that is stifled or oppressed (Nussbaum 71-72). Thus, Nussbaum "conceives capabilities as a person's valuable powers or faculties that can and should be realized in valuable functionings" (Crocker 599). A minimally good life involves recognition of the dignity of that life by empowering it with genuine opportunities to function. In principle a human life is an end in itself. Empowering someone and/or safeguarding an environment in which someone can live a dignified or 'true' human life upholds this principle. Nussbaum's foundational principle of each person as end can thus be restated as the principle of each person's capabilities. Those capabilities necessary for a dignified life constitute universal moral values (Nussbaum 74). Nussbaum's Methodology T he central question of Nussbaum's philosophy asks, 'What are people actually able to do and to be?' Answers to this question enable us to draw out a notion of what capabilities we think people need to be able to choose and achieve in order to function and flourish in a dignified manner. Put another way, the "list of basic capabilities is generated by asking a question that from the start is evaluative: What activities

Importance of language in communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Importance of language in communication - Essay Example Language plays a main role in communication. To eliminate ethnic conflicts, it is important to understand the importance of language in communication. For me, communication does not only involve what we say, but also how we say it. Once, my mother hired a maid, who was from some other ethnic background. Although she understood English, and spoke a little too, we had to adjust our verbal, vocal, and body language, in order for her to understand what we told her to do. We had to choose words that she understood. We had to adjust the pitch, articulation, and resonance of our tone, which suited the level she was at. We also had to adopt some body language, like we had to use hand gestures for the maid to better understand what we said. This way, she understood us better, and we succeeded in overcoming the language barrier in communication. Tannen, Deborah. Sex, Lies and Conversation; Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other? The Washington Post, 1990. Web. 11 Dec 2012.

Macbeth Summary - historical context and the main female roles Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Summary historical context and the main female roles Essay * Macbeth was written around 1606 * King James I has recently honoured Shakespeares theatre company and so this play was a thank you to him; o The story is made relevant to him as he had written a book on Demonology about witchcraft with many of his beliefs appearing in Macbeth. o He also claimed direct descendant of Banquo. o King James later had a medal struck of a snake concealed by flowers after the gunpowder plot on him as it showed deceitful concealment of that in Macbeth. * Women in the 17th century (1600s) have had no rights and were inferior to men. o They were thought to be more misogynistic as well, implying that they were more susceptible to evil as well e.g. first sin. o They were to be obedient to father and husband and hostess to men so they couldnt get a divorce if divorced they would own property or land and would be frowned upon by society o Women had no power or education (Lady Macbeth is different; she can read has power over husband and as queen) o Only access to throne by way of manliness (Macduff stripped of his connections with weak womanhood as c-section birth) * Shakespeare takes the historical part of the story from a historian called Raphael Holinshed. In his chronicles, Lady Macbeth is only mentioned once. * The real Macbeth was a Scottish king in the 11th century who ruled after Duncan and is supposed to have been brave, honest and successful in conquering land. * The people of the era would have believed in the divine right of kings whereby a king was appointed by God and only God should have the power to kill him. Therefore the audience would have been appalled to her such a plot. * Witchcraft was very much believed in at this time and those who were thought to be a witch were burnt, hung and drowned as they where that dangerous. They thought they could control everything from the weather to the future and did the work of the devil. Those who didnt believe would still have followed it for the purposes of the play. Lady Macbeth * She has an abnormal female identity as she is able to read Macbeths letter symbolising her power * Her domineering personality also breaks social standards and the witches prophecies display the power of womans sexuality * Macbeth and her have an equal relationship my dearest partner of greatest and knows that Macbeth isnt ruthless enough and so she helps him murder Shalt be what thou art promised or Hie, thee hither that I may poor my spirits in thine ear. They are on the same wave length * Her decision to be unsexed by evil turns her into more into a witch character over time than a character of masculine power. * Lady Macbeth is first shown to be stronger, more ruthless and more ambitious than her husband as she plots and persuades her way to the murder of Duncan. She dominates the first meeting showing Macbeths dependence on her and the ease that he submits to the plan shows his true ambition. Look like the innocent flower and be the serpent under it * She is pre-eminently cunning with a practical mind to plan the murder * She wishes that she were not a women so she could murder herself and her husband implies she is a masculine soul inhabiting a female body by linking masculinity to ambition and violence o Menstrual flow stop: womb equated to the womanly feelings of tenderness o Milk to gall: denies womanly instincts of birth and suckling child ( would bash in her own childs head to gain her ambitions) Antithesis of a maternal mother o Milk of human kindness while blood is masculine in bedchamber o She calls on darkness like her husband to hid the truth * She manipulates Macbeth by questioning his manhood as her ambitions of power have social constraints. He gives in by saying I dare do all that may become a man; ho dares to do more is none and when you durst do it, then you are a man * She is like a serpent behind the innocent flower as she performs evil behind being a good hostess to Duncan where he even says Fair and noble hostess, we are your guests tonight while she plans the Fatal end to Duncan under my battlements she plays the stereotypical women, the perfect mask to get away with murder. * She is very much involved with the murder as she drugs, leaves out the daggers smears blood over the guards. She even says, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done it which is a sign that she is human * She steadies her husbands nerves (a little water clears us of this deed) issuing imperative language and commands over what he should do, but slips later into madness as she sleep walks later through the castle trying to get rid of an invisible blood stain ambition affects her more strongly than Macbeth before so guilt haunts her more strongly afterward * She is partly responsible for the corruption of Scotland but from the point Macbeth murders the guards unplanned, she slowly slips out of the story * She is cool self-possession who is courageous enough to faint on the news of Duncans murder for her husband and dismiss him from the banquet. False faith doth hide what do the heart does know * Lady Macbeth gets queen which is what she wanted but isnt any happier as her husband drifts away from her (asks permission of servant to speak to him and is left out of other murders as Macbeth wants her to be innocent of the knowledge) * Just before the banquet, Macbeth takes over as the dominant partner controlling their conversion and it taken Lady Macbeths last bit of strength to think of an excuse for Macbeth seeing Banquos ghost. It works at first relating back to her masculine coward argument against Macbeth but the second time the ghost comes back, Macbeth is in so much shock that he doesnt give in to her. Lady Macbeth is then forced to call off the banquet without etiquette. On the plus side, Macbeth goes along with her excuse of his terrors showing their still is trust. * She is the complete opposite of Lady Macduff who is era standard woman who is a maternal mother defends husband despite criticism over leaving them. Her death relates back to Fair is foul and foul is fair as its the good that suffer. The murder of her innocents may have put lady Macduff over the edge. * Once Macbeth goes away, Lady Macbeth starts to sleep walk and wants a light beside her as she sleeps as there is so much darkness inside her. This scene shows her at her most venerable with Out damned spot as she reiterates the whole murder. She uses irony of Will these hands never be clean and hyperbole of all the perfumes in Arabia couldnt sweeten this hand which is a first for her logical mind. * She now says whats done cannot be undone compared to whats done is done strong minded opinion earlier in the story. * She apparently kills herself at the end as she cant cope with the guilt and her character has no further need as Macbeth cant face her as he sees what deeds they have done. * Macbeth feels that his life is now over because of her death as he uses a strong soliloquy saying There would have been time for a word tomorrow so he goes into battle to die a soldiers death. * The last words on her were from Malcolm saying This dead butcher and his fiend like queen which could be a biased opinion bit we dont know how she actually died. * Her role in the story is vital but supplementary to the work of the witches in tempting Macbeth to evil as she is the one who Macbeth trusts and loves * The witches and her share similar features in that they lack in human empathy and are ambiguous beings e.g. witches have beards and Lady Macbeth wants to be unsexed. The Three Witches * Three weird sisters who are the first characters we meet in the play providing dark thoughts and unconscious temptations to evil with their supernatural powers as they play on Macbeths ambitions like puppeteers. * They have beards giving the impressions that they are neither male or female therefore unambiguous * Each worked with their own familiar an animal of transfiguration (Greymalkin Paddock) * The witches appear in thunder and lightning as they control it. They speak in rhythmical paradox (rhyming couplets) fair is foul etc. which is echoed by Lady Macbeth and there appears to be an omen over the castle. * The witches plant the thought, Macbeth thinks it and Lady Macbeth waters it * The witches words are comical but a clearly the most dangerous characters as they act as independent agents toying with human lives and their prophecies are reports of the inevitable. * Their effects of temptation are shown in Macbeth as this great military hero is wrapped in a trance, sees visions, is unable to pray and suffers from fear before saying I have almost forgot the taste of fears * They could be thought to have controlled Lady Macbeth in her insanity when she rubs at the damned spot as they could have been the ones who as she says unsexed her * Shakespeare leaves the witches well outside the limits of human comprehension and only implies stereotypes of the era for the characters * The witches help no one but themselves, even when Macbeth is helped by their prophecies; there are tricks within e.g. Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane or being killed of a man not born of a woman. (Equivocation is the distortion of truth)

Rebecca Wests The Return of the Soldier and Virginia Woolfs Jacobs R

Rebecca West's The Return of the Soldier and Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf give great significance to the families of their respective main characters in The Return of the Soldier and Jacob’s Room because it gives the reader a greater insight to the formation of and reasoning for both Chris and Jacob’s nature. Each of these characters have multiple families to deal with: Chris has Kitty and Jenny on the one hand, and Margaret on the other, while Jacob deals with his mother and brother as well as his connections to society and academia. The distinctions between each character’s multiple families cause them to behave differently in various situations, and provide reasons for their actions. It is said that we are shaped by our surroundings and molded by our families, and Woolf and West’s male protagonists prove to be no exception to this rule. The opening scene of Jacob’s Room depicts Mrs. Flanders and Archer searching for a young Jacob along the beach, already showing that the titular character is detached and separate from those around him. Instead of walking with his mother and brother on the shore, Jacob is more interested in the escapades of a crab in a tidal pool, an early indication of his future pursuit of knowledge and his penchant for isolation. Aside from this first mention, Jacob’s biological family is mentioned very rarely throughout the remainder of the novel, as Woolf focuses on his social and academic family instead. However, Jacob’s tendency to distance himself from many of his friends probably stems from the slightly distracted air of his mother, who seems to love and care for him but at the same time is scatter-brained and somewhat unaware of her surroundings. Jacob i... ...e complete without the care and heartache handed them by the families they gain and lose throughout the courses of their short lives. Woolf states it perfectly, realizing that â€Å"life is but a procession of shadows, and God knows why it is that we embrace them so eagerly, and see them depart with such anguish, being shadows... Such is the manner of our seeing. Such the conditions of our love† (Woolf, 96). Jacob is only partially loved and cared for by his mother, and therefore carries this half-affection into his social interactions, eventually regretting the supremely human act of falling in love. Likewise, Chris is two completely different people between Margaret and Kitty– loving and content with Margaret, once he is returned to reality he becomes one of the â€Å"brittle beautiful things† that Kitty so loves to have in her presence, a mere shadow of his soul (West, 6).

A Summary of Cubbin and Geroski

This article examines the nature of short-run dynamics in judging the profitability in the marketplace.   The authors state that the dynamics of profits in the inter-industry averages, even between companies in the same industry, can be extremely variable.That is, although it is assumed that there is some homogeneity that can permit comparison between company profits within and industry that can then be used to create an inter-industry average, this homogeneity does not, in fact, exist.It is apparent that this flawed assumption has its roots in the â€Å"shared asset theory of profit determination† posited by Porter (1979) as a method of determining performance in an industry (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 427).   The authors state that the flaw comes from assuming that the â€Å"intra-industry variations in profits are small and uncorrelated with market structure† (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 427), which, if this assumption is untrue, the industry-level analysis of the dynamics between companies is no longer of interest and is no longer of any value.In addition, Porter’s model seems to have failed to take into account the differences that exist between the industry leaders and the industry â€Å"followers† in terms of profitability and how that profit is made.The literature review for Cubbin and Geroski (1987) suggests that analysis of different industries show that market power gains are unevenly distributed between these leaders (the large firms) and followers (the small firms) in these industries and that the markets share that this power reflects is important in determining the relative profitability between companies (pp. 427-428).The authors indicate, however, that there are several assessment methods in terms of determining any individual organization’s profitability both on firm specific and industry-wide factors.   These factors include:Co-efficients on variables, such as market share and industry concentration.An analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework that deconstructs performance variables into effects created by industry, firm, and market share.A dynamic model, which the authors suggest that a co-variance might exist between â€Å"profit paths† across intra-industry firms (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 428).The authors’ state their intent at this juncture; indicating that they intend to examine the importance of industry effect on industry profitability in the United Kingdom (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).   It is also at this point in the paper where the authors describe the form that the paper will take, explaining how the information will be organized and analyzed.The ModelThe model that the authors examined for the purpose of this paper is that of an individual firm (i) in a single industry (I).   The current profit rate for i is then compared for the equilibrium profit rate for I, over a long term.According to the authors, it is unlikely that the comparison of the profit rate s for   Ã‚  and I will be equal to one another over the period of analysis for one of two reasons: 1) that there is no equilibrium in the individual firm’s profit over the long term, or 2) that the equilibrium profit rate for the individual firm differs from that of the industry as a whole.   In addition, the ease or difficulty with which a firm can enter the market and other factors that affect doing business in that industry may have an effect over the rate of equilibrium profit.The authors maintain that the profit rate for the individual is determined by the equilibrium profit rate for the industry and â€Å"the dynamic forces that generate adjustment towards them within and between industries (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987, p. 429).Cubbin and Geroski (1987) go on to explain that one issue in this model is that tracking the factors that go into the dynamic may be impossible to measure, in part due to the difficulty in observing them.In addition, the actual entry of a firm in to an industry may or may not have an effect overall and may or may not lead to the existing firms in that industry–particularly, presumably, the leaders of that industry–to make strategic preemptive pricing moves that may effect the performance of the market before the new firm even has time to enter and disturb the equilibrium (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).The authors propose a solution to control these variables.   They first define â€Å"entry† into an industry as being when 1) new firms enter the industry, 2) expansion of incumbent firms, and 3) as incumbent competitors attempt to block new firms by uniting their production and pricing efforts (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).This definition was left broad to â€Å"include all systematic dynamic forces interacting with profits† (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).   Entry might then have a strong impact if there are strong dynamic forces; however, weak dynamic forces result in the average industry profitability being af fected over a long period (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987).If a firm holds a strategic place in the industry and earns profits higher than those earned by others in the industry, then a response to this position might result in other firms in the industry might encourage â€Å"mobility† in the industry itself, with other new firms entering or incumbents restructuring to diversify (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987), which results in any of these actions having an effect on the individual firm.The basic model that the authors suggest using to analyze industry profits is arrived at after a series of equations that are eventually modified to take compare the vulnerability to the effects of entry on the part of the individual firm against the industry at large (Cubbin & Geroski, 1987), based on the movement created by firm and industry specifics.

A Brief History of Writing

The history of writing instruments, which humans have used to record and convey  thoughts, feelings and grocery lists is, in some ways, the history of civilization itself. It is through the drawings, signs, and words weve recorded that weve come to understand the story of our species.   Some of the first tools used by early humans were the hunting club and the handy sharpened-stone. The latter, initially used as an all-purpose skinning and killing tool, was later adapted into the first writing instrument. Cavemen scratched pictures with the sharpened-stone tool onto the walls of  cave dwellings. These drawings represented events in daily life such as the planting of crops or hunting victories. With time, the record-keepers developed systematized symbols from their drawings. These symbols represented words and sentences, but were easier and faster to draw. Over time, these symbols became shared and universalized among small, groups and later, across different groups and tribes as well. It was the discovery of clay that made portable records possible. Early merchants used clay tokens with pictographs to record the quantities of materials traded or shipped. These tokens date back to about 8500 B.C. With the high volume of and the repetition inherent in record keeping, pictographs evolved and slowly lost their detail. They became abstract-figures representing sounds in spoken communication. Around 400 B.C., the Greek alphabet was developed and began to replace pictographs as the most commonly-used form of visual communication. Greek was the first script written from left to right. From Greek followed the Byzantine and then the Roman writings. In the beginning, all writing systems had only uppercase letters, but when the writing instruments were refined enough for detailed faces, lowercase was used as well (around 600 A.D.) The Greeks employed a writing stylus made of metal, bone or ivory to place marks upon wax-coated tablets. The tablets were made in hinged pairs and closed to protect the scribes notes. The first examples of handwriting also originated in Greece and it was the Grecian scholar Cadmus who invented the written alphabet. Across the globe, writing was developing beyond chiseling pictures into stone or wedging pictographs into wet clay. The Chinese invented and perfected Indian Ink. Originally designed for blacking the surfaces of raised stone-carved hieroglyphics, the ink was a mixture of soot from pine smoke and lamp oil mixed with the gelatin of donkey skin and musk. By 1200 B.C., the ink invented by the Chinese philosopher, Tien-Lcheu (2697 B.C.), became common. Other cultures developed inks using the natural dyes and colors derived from berries, plants and minerals. In early writings, different colored inks had ritual meaning attached to each color. The invention of ink  paralleled that of of paper. The early Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and Hebrews used papyrus and parchment papers began using parchment paper around 2000 B.C., when the earliest piece of writing on Papyrus known to us today, the Egyptian Prisse Papyrus was created.   The Romans created a reed-pen perfect for parchment and ink from the hollow tubular-stems of marsh grasses, especially from the jointed bamboo plant. They converted bamboo stems into a primitive form of fountain pen and cut one end into the form of a pen nib or point. A writing fluid or ink filled the stem and squeezing the reed forced fluid to the nib. By the year 400, a stable form of ink developed, a composite of iron-salts, nutgalls and gum. This became the basic formula for centuries. Its color when first applied to paper was a bluish-black, rapidly turning into a darker black before fading to the familiar dull brown color commonly seen in old documents. Wood-fiber paper was invented in China in the year 105 but was not widely used throughout Europe until paper mills were built in the late 14th century. The writing instrument that dominated for the longest period in history (over one-thousand years) was the quill pen. Introduced around the year 700, the quill is a pen made from a bird feather. The strongest quills were those taken from living birds in the spring from the five outer left wing feathers. The left wing was favored because the feathers curved outward and away when used by a right-handed writer. Quill pens lasted for only a week before it was necessary to replace them. There were other disadvantages associated with their use, including a lengthy preparation time. Early European writing parchments made from animal skins required careful scraping and cleaning. To sharpen the quill, the writer needed a special knife.  Ã‚  Beneath the writers high-top desk was a coal stove, used to dry the ink as quickly as possible. Plant-fiber paper became the primary medium for writing after another dramatic invention took place. In 1436,  Johannes Gutenberg  invented the printing press with replaceable wooden or metal letters. Later, newer printing technologies were developed based on Gutenbergs printing machine, such as offset printing. The ability to mass-produce writing in this way revolutionized the way  humans communicate. As much as any other invention since the sharpened-stone, Gutenbergs printing press set forth a new era of human history.